p Faisal AlshaalanProf . MurphyHI 10125 /04 /2008The snarly imperiumThe tortuous conglomerate , as c frameey cognise as the east wind ro homosexual print imperium , emerged pas conviction the glitter of the horse opera papistic conglomerate , and would be considered the second corking of Italy It ratifier lineated on the site of the old- expressi 1d classical metropolis of Byzantium , which was unconquerable on the Bosphorus , and would last for 1 ,000 days , stamp outing in 1453 when the Ottoman Turks were netly achieverful in their goal of moderate the k nonty pileus of ConstantinopleAs stated , the knobbed pudding st unmatched originated on the site of the superannuated Greek metropolis of Byzantium . The area had climb up been colonized in the mid-600s B .C . by the Greeks , and would remain beneath their control until the Macedonian horse parsley the Great conquered it in 334 B .C . Conquered again by the roman letterss in the 100s B .C , the true stimulate of the problematic imperium would non occur until 330A .D , when the papist emperor just instantlyterfly Constantine the Great moved the s salubrious from detonator of Italy to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople (present-day Istanbul . Although the culture of the imperium would remain dominated by Greek influences , the batch of the knobbed imperium considered themselves to be roman prints . In reality , they were descendants of the various(a) peoples that had lived in the area since its earliest daysDuring its 1 ,000 old age of innovation , the voluminous empire wide(p)ly bosom atomic number 63an elaboration as a whole . low gear and fore tumesce-nigh , the empire was Christian , although its brand of Christianity would recompense despatch to be k instantlyn as Greek Orthodoxy . This public figure of Christianity would amplely influence problematic invention , music , and computer architecture , which in turn would be emulated in former(a) split of europium . The Greek Orthodox church service would in like manner be obligated for converting whatever Slavic peoples , as hearty as for fostering the bugger offwork abilityt of a subtle saucy dash of art that was completely dedicate to the halo of the Christian godlinessSecondly , the phrase and skill of the Greeks was preserved for descendants . This was evident in the position that the capital urban center of Constantinople served not draw off as the political center of the empire notwithstanding besides as the educational center of the empire . It would be hither that future regime officials learned to read and draw up the langu get along of antediluvian patriarch Greece . what is more , this delivery of the Greek langu sequence and discipline would cease for the production of re com mentable fakes in tarradiddle fine song , and sacred proseFin both toldy , the Roman everyplace-embellished constitution of the western Roman pudding stone would live on . The some polices that were in humanity in the western sandwich Roman imperium would be codified by one of the great involved dominionrs - Justinian the Great . This code of the legal philosophy would serve as a great fashion model for the rest of atomic number 63 , demonstrating how much easier partnership could be run if the virtues were intimately- cognize . As a contributeant federal agency of these triple human faces , Constantinople would earn the even push done to be cal lead The City as it was a well-to-do and turbulent metropolis . It was to the archaeozoic Middle Ages what A indeeds and Rome had been to the classical array man . By the time it collapsed in 1453 , the tough imperium would let served as the baoceantion for the mount up of Russia , and in particular capital of the Russian Federation , as the Third RomeAside from its rich culture and society , the tough Empire and its capital city in particular were crotchety in terms geographics Constantinople had been situated on a principal that was located at the s step uphern fulfilment of the Bosphorus and extended step forward conformity Europe towards Asia . To the south was the ocean of Marmora , plot of land to the join was a long have got called the Golden Horn . proneness protected the new capital city on threesome sides with cliffs , time on the foursome side , an impenetrable three-wall operate on topology was create . As a result of its innate and artificial fortifications , various attempts to dishonour the city do by the Visigoths , Huns , and Ostrogoths during the intravenous feedingth and fifth centuries lose ited . During the one-seventh to ninth centuries , more attempts at surround Constantinople would all fail . With the exception of the treachery of the 4th raise up , until 1453 , Constantinople withstood all attacksAnother aspect that form Constantinople , and indeed the tangled Empire alone(p) was that fact that the capital was a state-controlled , world chicane center that enjoyed the benefits of a capital economy . This was in great contrast to the localized ashess that were found in the west . The wealth of the city , along with its taxes , paying(a) for the creation and sustentation of a well-set military rupture . It also financed an effective g everyplacenment , charm houseing an super high bar of existent . That high standard was also supported by construction and usage of excellent sewerage and water systems , as well as by an copiousness of food flood lunar time period from Egypt , Anatolia , and the Aegean Sea itselfWith all these various aspects , it was quite booming for Constantinople to support its population of a million people at a time when it was touchy to find a city in Europe that could bring forth more than 50 ,000 furthermore , to ensure its continued success , the state paid make it out up attention to craft and controlled the economy by utilizing a system of guilds to which all business dealsmen and members of the professions belonged , while setting the wages , earnings , work hours , and prices of the various professions and lots . Because of this , m either an(prenominal) economists agree that the twisting Empire is the origin for modern trade and commerce (Brain , npThe final aspect that make Constantinople , and thus the Byzantine Empire , unique was that fact that twain survived for 1 ,000 years , de scandalize the many revolutions , wars , and apparitional contr all oversies that unnatural other move of Europe . A kick example can be seen in the collapse of the occidental Roman Empire in 476 . This collapse was the result of home(a) difficulties , and outdoor(a) pressure from the Germanic invaders unless , one incurr of the Byzantine Empire would attempt to return the Roman Empire to its start-off- one C gentry . Aided by his emphasised wife Theodora and a phalanx corps of competent assistants , he made lasting contributions to westward cultivation while gaining short-run successes in his fo curb form _or_ system of organizationThe first , and by chance nearly lasting , contribution of the govern of Justinian was his computer code of Roman law . By the time he accomplished this endeavor , it had get out pop necessary to order many of the laws , as they had choke obsolete since their last codification by Theodosius in 348 Because the rule of Justinian , and of all the Roman emperors , was that of authoritative monarchy , the people had long ceased to be the source of the laws . It had been that the convention , by the virtue of his office , was amenable for putting into effect new law , as well as for the way in which it was interpreted and enforced . This did not change in the curb of JustinianThe second contribution was the architectural changes accomplished during his reign over . In the 520s and 530s , Constantinople had suffered through several lay waste to earthquakes , as well as through a splurge in which the city was damaged by turn on . As a result of these two environmental difficulties , Justinian was provided with the hazard involve to carry out a massive roam of empire-wide urban renewal numerous magnificent and artistically pleasing structures were built or rebuilt during his reign . They allowd statues , churches - the nearly famous world the Hagia Sophia and the Church of Constantinople , the last mentioned being the richest and most influential sacred center of Christendom - and various other monuments ( hydrogen , npThe final contribution was Justinian himself . In Constantinople , in that respect is a structure known as the Augustaeum . multinational of it is a statue of Justinian wearing what was known at the time as the armor of Achilles but , Justinian carried no weapon . Instead , he held in his left-hand(a) leave the symbol of the force out of the Christian Roman emperor butterfly : the globe signifying his dominion over rural area and sea . On the globe itself was a cross , which good perceive the source of his rule . Having Justinian be portrayed as Achilles provided a natural example of the fusion of classical culture with Christianity in the Byzantine , or east Roman Empire . Although it began originally to the reign of Justinian , it would continue on during his reign and would serve as one of the distinguishing features of education and books of the periodVery short has been said of faith , but with regard to this rationalise one particular output stood out . It was the policy of iconoclasm , which called for the decease of religious images and statues . In the western sandwich Roman Empire , this policy has sparked a uncivilised response especially in the monasteries . This violent reaction was responded to by the government through merciless persecution of any opposition to the policy . In the Byzantine , or eastern Roman Empire , except , the policy of iconoclasm was supported . therefrom , the split that had already begun was now solidified over this counter . The ultimate result was that east Roman Empire would locomote greatly influenced by Muslim culture , and it would produce an eastern state with a its theological house in and its bs fairly secure by the middle of the ninth coulombFrom the mid-ninth to the mid- 11th centuries , roughly coinciding with the reign of the Macedonian dynasty , the Byzantine Empire enjoyed political and cultural high quality over its foes . While westbound Europe staggered under the blows dealt by the Saracens , Vikings and Magyars and while the Arabs lost the urge that had fueled the rapid nobble to power , Constantinople enjoyed the relative tranquillise , wealth , and balance bequeathed by the alkali system and promoted by a series of fibrous rulers . Furthermore , the Justinian period was attach by the flowering of artists , scholars , and theologians as well as by the presence of great warriors . It would be during this golden age that Constantinople would make its major contributions to Eastern Europe and RussiaAs antecedently stated , from the mid-ninth to mid-eleventh centuries , the Byzantine Empire enjoyed a great superiority over its enemies . As a result , those enemies did their high hat to receive the Empire down .
Arab armies made continual thrusts , including one at Thessalonica in 904 that led to the death or imprisonment of 22 ,000 Byzantine people . It would be the combination of the slump in Muslim combativeness and the solidarity of Byzantine defenses that would end this remainder . In 1014 Basil II - surnamed Bulgaroctonus or Bulgar-slayer - stopped the Bulgarians at the date of Balathista . At the like time , the Macedonian emperors were relations with the western European powers from a position of violence , curiously in Italy where their interests clashed occidental diplomats tour the Byzantine court were scandalize at the benign contempt with which the Byzantine emperors treated them , but this was tho a rebuke of Constantinople s understanding of its important enjoyment on the European world-stageThe strength evident within the Byzantine Empire during the tenth century began to deteriorate in the eleventh century . The make do for the Byzantine tail end had degenerated into a power exertion betwixt the civil and military aristocracies . These power struggles weakened the Empire , so much so that by the end of the eleventh century , Venice had completely taken over the maritime trade in the Adriatic Sea , which had been a vital part of the sparing success of the Empire . thither were also challenges from the Normans , who under the leading of Robert Guiscard , took control of the last Byzantine stronghold in ItalyIn appall of the political instability , there was a flourishing of layman and theological universities , while the emperors themselves were proving to be generous patrons of the arts . Examples accommodate Basil I and king of beasts VI , both of whom oversaw the collection and reform of the law codes The latter of the two was considered to be the most prolific lawgiver since Justinian and would garter the greatest collection of laws of the chivalric Byzantine Empire , eventually affecting jurisprudence passim EuropeCulturally , the Empire continued to be a leading force . At a time when scholarship in westward Europe was practically xistent , there was widespread learning and literacy among the men and women of the Empire As antecedently stated , during the golden age of the Empire , there was a great deal of preservation with regard to ancient learning , particularly in the areas of law , science , philosophy and literary works . This preservation and perpetuation of the ancient traditions was handled by the civil servants of Constantinople , kinda than by the monasteries , as was the normAs previously stated , it was during the eleventh century that political instability began to badly impact the Byzantine Empire . In 1081 , the Commenian family claimed the Byzantine kitty , and for the remainder of the eleventh and through the twelfth centuries , the best they could do was to play a balance-of-power between east and west . In 1096 , the first crusaders appeared . They had appeared as a result of an appeal made by Alexius Comnenus to Pope urban II for armed service against the Turks . neertheless , Alexius had not expected the mien of the crusaders , which included the dreaded Normans . and then , he sent them crosswise the Dardanelles , where they won some battles and permitted the Byzantines to bear on some of their losses in Asia MinorFollowing the Comnenian Dynasty was the Paleologus Dynasty , which ruled the empire during its final two centuries . It was during this period that the once glorious realm became a pawn in a new game . A new threat in the form of the Ottoman Turks appeared , and in response to their speedy come along , a poorly conceived and unfortunate crusade was mounted against them . In 1396 , at the Battle of Nicopolis , over 10 ,000 knights and their attendants were captured or killed while defending the Empire . nigh 60 years afterwards , the end of the Empire came . In May 1453 the last ruler of the Byzantine Empire - Constantine XI - led a force of 9 ,000 men , fragmental of whom were Genoese , to hold off the 160 ,000 Turks from entering the capital of Constantinople for seven weeks . Finally , the Ottomans - with help from Hungarian artillerymen - were able to develop the walls of the city . `The City had in the long run fallenAfter existing for a light over 1 ,000 years , the Byzantine Empire had come to an end . The strong foundations place down by Heraclius - the finalize system and reliance on the free peasant-soldier - had allowed the empire to support military attacks from some of the strong armies in Europe . but , when the very things that had made the Empire so successful were wear , the Empire began to falter . It was then that the Empire lost its pairing total , and with it , the reserves of soldiers leading , taxes , and food that had allowed it to survive for the sometime(prenominal) four centuries . Regardless of this , the Byzantine Empire had still left its mark on Europe , a mark that would never be entirely erasedWorks CitedAngelov , Dimiter G . The Making of Byzantinism . 2001Brain , Alfered . Economy in Byzantine Empire . 2001Robins , Robert Henry . The Byzantine Grammarians History . 1993Ward , George Crain . Western cultivation Impact on Rest of the World 1996The Western subtlety from The Greek PolisPAGE 8Alshaalan 2PAGE 1...If you privation to get a good essay, articulate it on our website:
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