3 Types of Capitalization Errors in Styling Quotations

3 Types of Capitalization Errors in Styling Quotations 3 Types of Capitalization Errors in Styling Quotations 3 Types of Capitalization Errors in Styling Quotations By Mark Nichol Confusion sometimes ensues when writers are deciding whether a quotation merits capitalization. Here are three ways capitalization errors can result. 1. As someone once told me, â€Å"successful companies have multiple founding moments.† Occasionally, a writer will not capitalize the first word of a complete quoted statement preceded by an attribution, perhaps because of the assumption that the quotation, as part of a larger sentence, is not grammatically complete. However, despite the preceding attribution, the quotation is a complete sentence: â€Å"As someone once told me, ‘Successful companies have multiple founding moments.’† 2. The company released a support document addressing this issue and suggested that, â€Å"Moving the camera slightly to change the position at which the bright light is entering the lens should minimize or eliminate the effect.† The original quotation, as a stand-alone statement, is a complete sentence and should therefore be capitalized. But when it is incorporated grammatically into a larger sentence, it loses its self-sufficiency, and moving is not capitalized (and the comma preceding it is an error): â€Å"The company released a support document addressing this issue and suggested that ‘moving the camera slightly to change the position at which the bright light is entering the lens should minimize or eliminate the effect.’† 3. When you say there’s a special place in hell if you don’t support women, Smith says, â€Å"Is it only powerful women?† In this case, the question â€Å"Is it only powerful women?† is being combined with a paraphrase to form a new, more extensive question, though the two clauses are separated by an attribution. But because â€Å"is it only powerful women?† has been demoted from a sentence to a clause, the first word of that word string is not capitalized: â€Å"When you say there’s a special place in hell if you don’t support women, Smith says, ‘is it only powerful women?’† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:35 Synonyms for â€Å"Look†45 Synonyms for â€Å"Old† and â€Å"Old-Fashioned†Advance vs. Advanced

Easter Islands End

Easter Islands End The writer discloses the actions taken by the Easter Island people a couple of centuries ago. The details indicate destruction of forests, vegetation and animals through the chaotic and cannibalism behaviours. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Easter Island’s End specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Diamond (1995), the end of Easter Island is visible from the abandoned buildings and the mystery of isolation evident from the lack of vegetation and the gigantic stone statues and skyscrapers that seems to outgrow everything else such as the temples at Angkor. The writer indicates the story of Easter Island is not only a historical tale but also an imperative warning to current civilization. As indicated in the writing by Diamond (1995), the view of the Island is a land without habitual vegetation such as trees lacks animal life and particularly comprises of a low populace of approximately 2000 people. The stone structures that appears gigantic on stone platforms shows devastation from which the writer proposes an inhibition by Polynesians. On the analysis of the natural resources, the writer shows the richness that existed before the reforestation stopped. Deforestation is the cause of death of animal life and the devastating effects eventually destroys the crops. The deforestation was as a result for the need to erect strong stone statues in competition over power among the local clans. The fight for power was probably one of the causes of the land’s demise. The writer indicates and emphasizes on the aspect of brutal misuse/abuse of nature as the root cause of the destruction. The leaders or those who were in authority never had the will and ability to prevent the destruction. The final indication of the writer is that, the historical destruction of the Island is a prospect for the future of the whole world. From a personal point of view, the author’s initial argume nt regarding destruction of nature that causes devastation is very logical and authentic. From the beginning, the writer tries to raise the subject relating to the importance of civilization. However, from a defensive point of view, some indications of the theory such as the approximation of the population and the prediction over probability to have enough basis resources seem hypothetical. It is not easy to judge the economical life of Easter Island population as well as the effects on the natural resources by considering a single aspect. The evidence may lack sufficient basis over the economical life. Economic status is the main influence over other human activities such as political eminences, people’s attitudes and social existence.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The damages on Easter Island were catastrophic but the writer only focuses on the human ne gative activities. Various factors would have catalyzed people to obliterate the forests or other ecologically related aspects to cause the destruction. Natural catastrophes can equally damage a country’s civilization. Even if people destroyed the Island as the writer claims, there is a high probability that they never realized the consequences because their low level of development, considering the time possibly influenced the activities as opposed to their conscious mind. The social-political or economical system in existence then is not accurate or definite; therefore, they might have reacted as part of nature. Does it mean that implications over existence of dry land or desert where it used to be a sea or a tropical forest always befall the people who live nearby? It is not possible to predict the future or analyze the past base on one important economical factor. There is a wide difference in the level of development; therefore, the prediction of a similar future rega rding the fall of civilization is not eminent or logical. There is a close connection of countries today and thus the characteristic or growth of civilization. Advancement in technology can allow destruction of the world in a couple of days but civilization does not permit. People need to learn from the history of such civilization as the writer specifies but the probability of the fall is almost zero. References Diamond, J. (1995) Easter Islands End. Discover Magazine. Retrieved from Http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/24/042.html

Trait anxiety between gifted and nongifted students Article

Trait anxiety between gifted and nongifted students - Article Example The research also informs about the test conducted among the high school students in their level of anxiety to recognize their traits and make a clear statements notifying the grades and rankings. As the students are in their teenage which is the period transformation of younger ones to adults, their generous and anxious about their qualities with which they are identified.General Trait Anxiety between the Gifted and the Non-Gifted Students: The test is held to find out the level of anxiety that is established to exhibit their special qualities which is gifted and is there in them by birth and which is acquired by aiming and targeting by non-gifted students. In both the cases, the anxiousness leads them to put forth their efforts which may be successful or may not be successful. But there is high probability that intelligence whether gifted or induced, coupled with sincere hard work always pays. And the success is sweetest of all fruits.Concealed Anxiety in the gifted and non-gifted students: The gifted students are more determined and dedicated towards their ambitions which are kept hidden in the heart and nurtured. Their devotion to their goals, never allows them to deviate their concentration to other habits and change their tendency.

Managing Workplace Diversity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Managing Workplace Diversity - Assignment Example 2. If the organization has a community fundraiser, we would definitely elect a person from that very particular community to lead the initiative. This decision should be made because it is a person from that community who has a deeper understanding of his people and communal needs. Besides, the involvement of a person from the community would appeal to the local community members to accept and support the initiative as their own project. 3. Once I realize that an employee is not descent, I would have to call him, privately, in my office and interrogate him. After letting him know that the organization tolerates diverse cultures, I would tell him that the company has a set of personal etiquette such as descent dressing codes that everyone should abide by. This will be done in a polite manner. 2) This story has taught me that the Native Americans were charitable people. As stated in the story, they valued thanksgiving because it was allowed by their religion. Although they had considered the Puritans as their enemies, they did not mind putting aside their differences while celebrating thanksgiving. They must have been a friendly

Bridging the Gap Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bridging the Gap - Assignment Example On nursing education, the study is vital in reviewing the techniques and physiology of wound healing. Nursing students, while still undergoing training need equipment with full information that relate to the larval therapy as a strategy in debridement of wounds (McFarland & Smith, 2014). Because of the efficiency of larval therapy in aiding treatment of chronic wounds, practicing nurses need an update on the vital features of the technique. Patients who have chronic ulcer wounds may require an enrolment on larval therapy as an intervention plan of management. As a nurse in a general surgical unit, there are diverse methodologies through which I can share the information about larval therapy. Assuming the role of a mentor to my peers in matters that revolve around larval therapy in the management of wounds is an important method (Nickitas, 2014). It will present the opportunity to showcase the procedure and the benefits associated with larval therapy. Another strategy for ensuring that the peers have the full information about larval therapy is by publishing a pamphlet that will act as guidance to the intervention

Food Inflation In Pakistan: Causes And Policy

Food Inflation In Pakistan: Causes And Policy Inflation and its measures   As defined in the glossary of economics, inflation is a sustained increase in the aggregate or general price level in an economy. In other words, inflation means there is an increase in the cost of living  [2]  . In Pakistan, inflation is measured by three indicators: the Consumer price index, Wholesale price index and the Sensitive Price indicator. Consumer Price Index or CPI is the main measure which gives a general representation of the inflation in the country. About 374 items are included in this list. It measures cost changes associated with these items. Wholesale Price Index or WPI represents the directional movements of prices in the wholesale markets. Items covered in the series are those which could be precisely defined and are offered in lots by producers/manufacturers. These account to 425 items. Sensitive Price Indicator or SPI is computed on weekly basis to assess the price movements of essential commodities at short intervals so as to review the price situation in the country. SPI includes 53 items which are based on the staple diet of the country. HISTORIC TRENDS Inflation in Pakistan in the last two decades Gone are the days when food on its own was considered as a cheap resource and most people could afford at least the basic commodities necessary for their survival. The food crises in our country is not only a local phenomena but it can, to a certain extent, be attributed to soaring food prices internationally, particularly over the last year. This, coupled with ineffective, myopic policy measures by the government has driven millions below the poverty line. Rising food prices was a major factor in driving up inflation between 2007 and mid 2008. The most appalling thing about food price inflation is that it is the most regressive of all taxes, hurting the poor and fixed income group the most. Starting with inflation in double digits in the 90s, the real pressure came in the 1994-1995 when inflation went up by 13%, mainly due to extremely high food inflation of 16.5%.However, from then on, there was a steady dip in the overall inflation with food inflation falling below the Consumer Price Index (CPI) between 1999-2002. This was because of an improved supply position, strict budgetary measures and depressed international markets.  [3]   From then on, mainly because of higher wheat support prices, shortages of wheat and a rise in international prices including oil has pushed the inflation back up again, with food inflation going as high as 12% in 2004-2005. It fell again to single digit in 2005-2006 but has climbed at shocking levels since then. The food inflation average was lowest between 1998-2000 and currently the food inflation figure is around 7.5%. However, eight of the top ten commodities contributing to the overall CPI inflation, were from the food group, having a weighted contribution of 38.3 percent in overall inflation. These items were fresh milk, meat, vegetables, wheat flour, sugar, readymade food, tomatoes, and tea. Of these, four items of food group; fresh milk, meat, vegetables, and wheat flour contributed 71.7 percent to CPI food inflation (YoY)  [4]   Inflation in the last 5 years Inflation in Pakistan in the last five years has been sky rocketing. The following graphs have been drawn after collecting prices from the Business Recorder taken at a six month interval date. (A detailed list of prices is attached in the appendix of the report) In the abpve diagram, Cereals include items: makai, juwar, moong Punjab, barley sindh and Wheat Pak whereas Sugar includes sugar and Gur. All other goods contain their sub types. In the above diagram, the average prices include: Cereals includes 5 different items namely Makai, Juwar, Moong Punjab, barley Sindh and wheat Pak; Sugar includes Sugar and Gur; Whole rice includes Irri 6 Sindh, Basmati 386 new and Sela karnal new; Broken rice includes Irri white and Basmati; Rapeseed 40kg prices of Nawabshah and Dadulane types scaled to 100 kg and Castor seeds 40 kg prices of Lasbela new and Sindh types scaled to 100 kg prices From the graphs , we can analyze easily that generally, the average wholesale price range per 100 kg has increased significantly after January 08 from the average price range of Rs 1000-3000 to Rs 2000-5000.This is approximately a 70-100% increase in the average food prices over the last 2 years. It has brought about a 35-50% year on year with Whole Rice price even touching Rs 7000 mark in July 2008. The average sugar price has also gone up significantly causing sweetened items in the retail market to be beyond the common peoples reach. Therefore, our report will analyze on the causes of these escalating food prices, focusing specifically on the last five years and will also analyze the impact of the food inflation on various segments of the society during this period. We will also be evaluating various food policies in order to cope up with this ever growing problem in the developing economy of Pakistan Causes of Food inflation This section is covered in three categories: Causes for rise in food prices in general Despite the fact that Pakistan has been blessed with all the natural resources such as a cultivable land, a hardworking labour force and a suitable climate for the production of variety of crops, a number of domestic and international factors are causing food prices to escalate. Some of these factors are analyzed below. Although Pakistan derives fifty per cent of its energy needs from natural gas, yet due to rising energy demand, the country has to import oil to fulfill this gap. There has been a trend of increasing oil prices in the last few years globally. A rise in oil prices increases the cost of making fertilizers which are needed for increasing the yield per hectare of the crop. Hence, a rise in price of fertilizer translates into rise in price of crop Not only that, rising fuel prices increase the electricity costs and therefore, farmers using tractors and tube wells have to pay a higher cost for using the machinery. Pakistan has a potential for using hydroelectric power but due to interprovincial disputes, this solution has not been achieved  [5]  . Transportation costs also rise as fuel prices increase. Various other international factors have caused an increasing food prices globally. International food inflation creeps into Pakistan when it has to import these food items to fill the stomach of more than 160 million populations. This includes a move by many countries to substitute biofuels in place for rising oil prices to ensure energy security in the country. Bio-fuel production is seriously affecting the world food markets as its demand is leading to diverting grain to production of biofuel, thus creating supply shortages and increasing international food prices. Various other international factors such as price controls and export bans have hurt the incentives of the food producers which have reduced world supply of food production. Also, many people in the developed nations are now moving towards high end consumption products such as meat, fish and are using pulses for feeding the animals which creates shortages and drives up the prices  [6]  . This international rise in w orld price, along with a weakening rupee has caused imported food inflation in Pakistan as well. In addition, there are other domestic factors also responsible for this trend of increasing prices. Pakistani farmers have outdated farming methods and have not resorted to modernization. Their risk averse attitude is although rational, yet, has disadvantaged agricultural output growth and hence economy. Government has also neglected the agricultural sector with lack of facilities for the farmers to efficiently market their products or even for preserving them for bridging shortages and surplus when there is a demand supply gap  [7]  . This factor, along with inapt fiscal and monetary policies, has seriously affected the agricultural output. Growing political unrest has further diverted the attention of the government which is paying more attention to fight and mitigate the terrorism in the country. As rest of the world is busy competing with other nations, Pakistani government is busy sorting out their internal differences. Also, politics play a dirty part in Pakistan as cartels are easily formed to manipulate the market prices. Such profiteering activities, along with black marketing and hoarding have further drowned the citizens in the already knee-deep flood of problem. Causes for rise in sugar prices- The Sugar Crisis We have all witnessed the tragedy of 18 women who were trying to get free bags of sugar dying in a stampede. This represents the seriousness of the current sugar crisis. Such horrific crises make us wonder about the effectiveness of the regulatory body of the government. Various factors are responsible, most of which are political. As sugar has always been a difficult field to administer, Pakistans feudal lords try to benefit at the expense of poor farmers. They have always conquered politics and fulfill their selfish interests by easily passing on the higher prices of sugar to consumers  [8]   When governments try to intervene by importing sugar so that the prices stay under control, the mill owners who are mostly strong political figures, use their influence which results in government imposing higher tariffs thereby increasing the price of the imported sugar. Hence, domestic sugar prices do not come down. Also, the trolley-owners who transport sugarcane for the mill owners exploit farmers by demanding additional Rs 250-300 per trolley during cane shortage. To make things worse, an extra cost of Rs. 100 per day is paid by the mill owners for a delay in unloading the sugarcane at the gate along with the provision of food and tea.  [9]  This is because the more time elapses, the lower is the recoverable cane juice and hence higher is the millowners profit when a guaranteed price is paid by the government. In this whole process, farmers and the final consumers are the ones who suffer The International markets also experienced an increase in the price of sugar due to poor weather conditions in major sugar producing countries which includes Brazil and India. This automatically led to shortage of supply of sugar and the prices of sugar went up as a result. The price trends in the international market had an impact on prices of Pakistan and aggravated the existing supply issues. Also, this year there was a shortfall in domestic production of the sugarcane crop. The government had no option but to plan for imports. The importation of sugar was delayed because the vested-interest groups used their undue influence and made huge profits by charging exorbitant prices as there was shortage of sugar. The delay in importing sugar resulted not just in shortage in the domestic market and poor availability but also led to loss of foreign exchange, as by the time sugar was procured in the international market, its price had soared. Pakistan Sugar Mills Association was also involved in the creation of the sugar crisis. Khaled Mirza, Competition Commission Chairman told the media in November, 2009 that Pakistan Sugar Mills Association has confessed manipulation to get sugar production and distribution. The association violated competition ordinance and sought courts relaxation under section39.  [10]  Also, Mian Manzoor Wattoo, Federal Minister for Industries and Production told the media in August 2009 that hoarding of sugar by the mill owners is the main cause of recent sugar crisis and negotiations with the mill owners are underway to end the sugar crisis. There are some mill owners who are not providing the sugar to Trading Corporation of Pakistan.  [11]   Causes for rise in wheat prices the wheat crisis The dawn of 2008 in the Musharraf era, bought with it, amidst much political turmoil (after the Bhutto assassination) another nail that hammered in the coffin. Early January, there was a heavy spike in the price of wheat; Pakistans staple food crop. Supply shortages caused wheat prices to double from 15 to 30 rupees per kilogram in less than a weeks time  [12]  ; rendering much of the population grief stricken and helpless, out on the streets. The shortage ultimately led to a wheat-producing country importing tons of wheat to cater to local demands. The causes of the shortage were numerous, and as in all situations, all stakeholders boldly showed their prowess in mud-slinging, and everyone put the blame to all but themselves. Let us have a look at the major causes that might have led to the crisis. The most popular reason given was the general world food crisis that was prevalent at that time. Definitely the world wheat shortages somewhat contributed to the local crisis but it was certainly not the sole reason, and as we will see, many other internal flaws had a far major role to play. Firstly the first, crucial shortfall was on part of the government as they unreasonably overestimated the annual wheat yield and allowed 1.6 million tons of wheat to be exported in the earlier year. The consequences were damaging, as the actual yield fell way short and the thus a large supply gap got created as local demand could not be met by a long shot. Moreover, the popular policy of subsidized food prices also played a major role. In times of shortages, still the government decided to fix wheat prices well short of the market price which instigated the mill owners to hoard and pile up stocks to raise the prices at which they thought they could get reasonable profits. The world market price was around Rs 24 per kilogram but the retail price was set by the government at Rs 16 per kg. This also lead to the suppliers indulge in smuggling. The government did decide to monitor this by putting military around mills and warehouses but this was a shallow measure which only worked temporarily. So this bizarre wheat policy has hurt the average farmer and the common man to suffer, and the benefactors being the middlemen, the flour mill traders and the government officials who have connived their way in the smuggling rucket as well at the expense of the commons. Some specific actions by Musharraf though also led to this crisis. Musharrafs desire to promote and use the newly built Gwadar port led to delayed transportation of the wheat from the remote areas of Balochistan to Punjab and other parts of the country  [13]  . The new port lacks the required facilities for swift unloading of consignments, which greatly delayed supply of wheat imports, creating unneeded problems. So all in all, the government was at the focal point of the crisis from the start (the other players joined in though in due course), and it also failed to stabilize the issue afterwards with misguided policies EFFECTS OF FOOD INFLATION The word inflation may not ring bells to the majority of illiterate people of Pakistan but its deep and far reaching consequences may not be stranger to the lives of many. People on fixed incomes are the worst victims when food inflation hits. Their spending power decreases which leaves lesser income to be spent on other goods and services. In order to pay for the higher food prices, many people have to take up multiple jobs, exerting great pressure on their physical health, thus increasing their medical costs. A common man who has other worries to take care of is left with lesser income altogether in this whole process Not only that, food inflation affects the rural region and low income groups more than others, thereby resulting in exacerbating the already uneven distribution of wealth in the economy. Although the rich do not get richer because of inflation but the poor definitely gets poorer. Significant increases in the prices of food commodities lead to an increase in the poverty levels of the country as the real income of people fall, pushing more and more people below the poverty line. In a report titled Summary poverty reduction and Social strategy the ADB states overall a 20 per cent increase in food prices will lead to an 8pc increase in the poverty head count, from 36pc to 44pc, with the negative impact of food price shocks falling disproportionately on rural poor, as opposed to the urban poor.  [14]   Government has to step in to protect the citizens but it leads to a conflict in other macroeconomic objectives. From July 2008 to March 2009, the policy rate had to be increased from 13.5% to 15%.  [15]  This causes a reduction in the investment and overall investor confidence which hampers the rate of growth of GDP. Private investment as a share of GDP fell for the third consecutive year to 13.2% of GDP.  [16]  last year. Rising food prices creates frustration among the people which take the form of protests against the government creating more social unrest in the country. Strikes, abuse of property are common sights when food as basic as sugar and wheat have sky rocketed. Different steps were taken by the government to provide food to the poor at subsidized rates at Bachat Bazars but this is not proving to be as beneficial as one might believe because many people still go back home empty handed even after waiting in line for several hours as the stocks run out.  [17]   Businesses too have far reaching consequences. As there is a decline in the purchasing power of individuals, it results in a lesser demand for their goods and services. This in turn affects the profitability of the organizations. To make matters worse, laborers demand higher wages which in turn increase the cost of doing business. This increase in cost is transferred to the buyers in the form of higher prices, giving rise to more cost push inflation. This forms a vicious wage-price spiral in which expectations of further increasing prices leads to a self fulfilling prophecy. Overall, when the economy inflation rate is making new records, people move the money out of the currency which leads to a devaluation of the currency. Moreover, when the price of these export items made up of agricultural food crop increase, it is not only the exporters who suffer but the entire country has little foreign exchange earning to pay for the rising import costs, thus weakening the balance of payments and increasing debt costs. Policy Recommendations Short term policies It is a well known fact that prevention is better than cure but the miseries of the common man in Pakistan has reached a nadir whereby prevention is a long term and a secondary phenomena and short term quick fixes are immediate requirements of today. What the government is required to do in order to fix escalating food prices in the very short run is to distribute free food through mobile services at different points in the country. The governments first and foremost responsibility is to make sure that no citizen of Pakistan die because he or she could not get a right as basic as food. However, as it was witnessed a few months back that such a free distribution make people rush to the place causing stampedes and deaths, great care needs to be taken while implementing the policy. If the government cannot maintain distribution decorum in the people, then they should subsidize the incomes of the poor. However, the government should make sure that the subsidized income is provided only to those people who are needy enough and cannot even afford living. The government can introduce a compulsory work practice which can screen the needy from those who are not. After curing the immediate side effects of the inflation, the government has to take some preventive measures. Food price mechanism in the country has been severely distorted because of food price controls and when such prices are less than the international prices, the farmers and the middlemen maximize their gains by smuggling their crop to the neighbouring country. If the international prices are also not high, then they have to think twice before planting the seeds of the same crop in the next season which reduces supply and automatically increase price in the next season, again leading to black marketing and hoarding issues. Such disincentives are the by-products of price controls set too low. The government should offer the price which is more than the market clearing price and then purchase the crop from these farmers and give them their minimum guaranteed income. The government can sell the crops at the subsidized rates in the market. However, as various middlemen come in between, such an implementation of policy becomes almost an impossible task. As in the case of sugar, it came under the notice that the sugarcane farmers are exploited by the mill owners who purchase the raw material from farmers at a lower price then prescribed by the government. Also, these poor farmers who have no power of their own have to face delays while transporting the sugarcane to mill, due to political reasons which leads to loss in the value of output. This in turn affects supply of the food crop and hence affects prices. A government intervention at this intermediary phase by employing a better check on such profiteering activities at the expense of poor farmers can help control the soaring food prices. Long term Policies The ever money hungry politicians of the country will continue to play dirty as long as their power is not taken away. These politicians treat the small farmers as slaves just because they own that piece of land. These landlords do not even consider land as a gift of God which can fulfill the hunger needs but more as a status symbol of power and wealth. Pakistan requires such a leader who can come forth and shatter feudalism from Pakistan. Until and unless farmers do not own the piece of land and continue to work as sharecroppers, the agricultural output cannot be maximized. Land Reforms are thus, the requirement of the country which can help increase food output and hence keep the prices under control. Distributing such large pieces of land to the small farmers who often have to work in marginal pieces of land will increase their productivity and hence increase the supply of products. Also, in order to curb inflationary pressure created due to supply shortages, the government should invest in research and development so that better seeds, fertilizers and technology are available to the farmers which can then increase yield per hectare. The government also needs to educate them about not only what to do but also how to do. Also, there is a need to provide the farmers with infrastructure and logistics facilities such as better roads, easier credit facilities, warehouses to store extra produce, better marketing techniques etc. Fuel not only drives machinery but also drives the success of the economy. An economy which relies mostly on such a fuel which has severe escalating tendency will end up destroying its growth engine. In a country like Pakistan where oil, diesel and natural gas serve the basic fuel requirements and where nothing much is done regarding its increasing price tendency, there is a dire need to develop alternate energy sources. The optimal measure for the short term is to subsidize the oil prices but for the long run Pakistan should develop hydroelectric power plants as it is a very cheap source of electricity. The government should also have talks with India over this very sensitive issue as the supply of water is often stopped by India which leaves less water not only for hydroelectric plants but also for agricultural output. For the current hydroelectric power plants especially at Mangla, Tarbela and Warsak, silting is not an uncommon problem. Government should develop technology or purchase it from the foreign countries which can deal with the problem of silting in the dams as it reduces the water supply and hampers the movement of turbines in the hydroelectric plants All these measures will not be fruitful if on an individual level, we continue to play the blame game and fail to perform our responsibility. We all need to go back fourteen hundred years where the rules of an effective society were established by God, the tying thread of which belief in Allah. We have to focus our minds from the benefits of this world to the punishments and rewards of the Hereafter. Once all of us on an individual level realize that we are accountable to Him, neither the policies will be selfish, nor its implementation will require any further checks and balances and only then the chronic problem of food politics and rising prices will come to a halt. Leadership Case Study: Nike Corporation Leadership Case Study: Nike Corporation Nike is the authority of all action artifact providers. Nikes business is on an all-around scale, abundant beyond than best American articles today. Nike is one of the best accepted domiciliary names in American society, if you alive in this decade you own a Nike artifact no amount what it is. There are abounding Nike articles you can accept from the account is about endless. Now lets anticipate how did Nike become so large, how is Nike so successful, how does there articles become such call for todays society and all credit goes to a strong leadership under which all employees work. Leadership at Nike Corporation can be easily understood by having a glance over the term Leadership, and how it varies from managers. What separates amazing leaders from managers? One way to analyze the aberration is to analyze the mindset of leaders and managers. Managers are abundant at analytic problems. Leaders, on the added hand, bleed their abundance by creating problems. Range of Leadership Theories: Situational leadership theories Functional administration is all actual able-bodied but it doesnt advice us to accord with changes, altered situations and the attributes of the bodies actuality led. Situational theories of administration were developed to acquisition acceptable means of adapting administration accomplishments to accommodate the needs of altered situations and circumstances. One archetypal situational archetypal of administration is anxious with anecdotic the adeptness and alertness of those actuality led, and again free the best appearance of administration to follow. Other approaches Lewin, Tannenbaum Schmidt ) Advance of continuums of administration style. Leadership appearance actuality refers to the ample access adopted by a leader. A leaders appearance of administration is generally based on a leaders own beliefs, personality, experiences, alive ambiance and the bearings at the time. Some leaders assignment aural one administration style. Others are added adjustable and can acclimate their appearance of administration to accommodate the needs of altered situations. Autocratic vs Participative leadership theories These theories of administration developed out of the abstraction of administration style. However, they focus actual abundant on the antithesis of adeptness amid the leader and the followers. Autocratic leaders tend to accomplish decisions and appoint them on others. They generally acquire that they are best placed to accomplish the decisions, that others should acquire their authority. Some such leaders accept assertive personality traits, such as a charge to be in ascendancy of situations. Autocratic administration is ill-fitted to assertive situations, such as emergencies or time analytical circumstances. But they dont tend to breeding added bodies or get the best after-effects from followers who are able and motivated. Participative leaders argue others and absorb them in the accommodation authoritative process. They may accomplish the final accommodation but in consulting others they are demonstrating consideration, account for others and the adeptness to listen. The acceptance abaft this access is that it tends to be accepted by followers who acknowledgment the favor by actuality loyal and committed. Participative administration additionally develops added bodies and builds abutment for the all-embracing direction, arch to a aggregate eyes and accepted goals. Participative leaders generally additionally accept a facilitative administration style. That is, they empower and animate others to booty accomplish decisions, booty activity and act with authority, commonly aural authentic boundaries. Transformational leadership Transformational administration is accurate as an administration access that causes change in individuals and amusing systems. In its ideal form, it creates admired and absolute change in the followers with the end ambition of developing followers into leaders. Enacted in its accurate form, transformational administration enhances the motivation, assurance and achievement of his followers through an array of mechanisms. These accommodate abutting the followers faculty of character and cocky to the mission and the aggregate character of the organization; actuality a role archetypal for followers that inspires them; arduous followers to booty greater buying for their work, and compassionate the potency and Achilles heel of followers, so the leader can adjust followers with tasks that optimize their performance. Surroundings Development of perception Research in the region Insinuations for managers References External links Transactional vs Transformational leadership theories Another way of attractive at administration approaches is to do with the blazon of assignment and the accord amid the leader and the follower. Transactional administration access is based on affairs or exchanges amid the leader and the follower. It assumes that the alive accord is one area the leader issues the work, praises or criticizes, rewards or punishes. The addict has little responsibility, added than accomplishing as they are required, correctly. All works able-bodied if both leader and addict backpack out their allotment in the affairs as expected. This access is added generally apparent in low accomplished jobs, area procedures are acutely authentic or area there is little change. Transformational administration access is all about change. Transformational leaders affect others to chase a vision. They actualize opportunities for bodies to appearance ability and to booty albatross for new ideas. They are generally actual extravert, absorbing and strategic. They see the big account rather than the detail. They affect abundant loyalty, accouterment they succeed. If they fail, or are apparent to be hypocritical, the followers may able-bodied become disillusioned or cynical. Transformational administration is added adapted in fast alteration situations, area bodies accept aerial levels of accomplishment and area the leader can allow to get complex in the detail. Trait theories these date a back to the alpha of the aeon and accept been decidedly resilient with analysis continuing in an attack to acquisition the abracadabra ingredients. This assignment has led to long lists of the characteristics of able leaders. The weaknesses of this access are probably already accepted to you but, in brief, the lists of characteristics are so continued that they can be found anywhere and can be inherently adverse e.g. absolute and deliberative/involving. Such theories dont explain how leaders with these characteristics e.g. Margaret Thatcher or Winston Churchill can aback move from actuality successes to failures or carnality versa. Behavioural theories the antecedent assignment in this breadth was done in the 1940s through to the 1960s. It was classically anxious with administration in baby groups but the apropos of these thinkers with administration styles accept connected to the present day Situational and accident theories cerebration of this affectionate began in the 1960s and recognized the accent of ambience in free what administration is bare and what is acceptable to be effective. Current Thinking: Unless we accept how accepted account accept developed, we abridgement an important apparatus in evaluating them. This can leave us in the easily of the airport lounge administration gurus, clumsy to distinguish amid recycled ideas, the latest fad and absolutely accessible developments in thinking and practice. This cardboard provides a abrupt arbitrary of the capital strands of administration thinking. Futuristic Approach for Leadership New Administration charismatic, visionary, transformational. The 1980s saw an improvement of thinking about administration but now in agreement of the accomplished organization and this has connected to the present day. Part of the organizational administration role can be cerebral or meaning making. In these theories leaders accomplish faculty of the complication of the ambiance and the organizations role aural it. Learning organizations and broadcast leadership. Again this is anxious with the whole organization and there are altered strands but this time the accent is on recognizing the key leadership role in creating opportunities for others to apprentice and to booty leadership. This has led relatively afresh to what ability is termed post transformational administration that looks beyond the ballsy or absorbing leader. An appraisement activity is not unavoidably developmental. Three-hundred-sixty-degree acknowledgment should not be a impartial event. In accomplishment to appraisement there allegation to be development planning and aftereffect activities. Boss abutment is analytical for the action itself, as able-bodied as for buy-in for the recipients specific adorning goals stemming from the feedback. The 360-degree acceptance activity works best if it starts with admiral at the top of an alignment and cascades bottomward throughout the organization. Shoddy administering of a 360-degree feedback process can be fatal. The timing of the action accounts for other organizational realities that could adulterate or confound its impact. Outcome It is bright that some of the aloft theories are contradictory. The notions of broadcast leadership fight with the acceptance that difficult times appeal a absorbing or transformational leader. In trying to accomplish faculty of this, I begin John Storeys abstraction accessible that there are a cardinal of enduring themes that are capital to any analytical assay of leadership: context, perceived leadership need, behavioral requirements, capabilities and development methods. Current requirement Transformational administration (TL) and affecting intelligence (EI) are apparently the two most popular angle of administration at the moment. Not that acceptance agency they are right. Indeed one of the absolute problems in the accomplished breadth of administration is the authority of the research PROPOSAL FOR MEETING THE REQUIREMETNS Showing genuine concern Genuine absorption in agents as individuals; vales their contributions; develops their strengths; coaches, mentors; has absolute expectations of what his/her agents can achieve Empowering Trusts agents to booty decisions/initiatives on important matters; delegates effectively; develops staffs potential Being attainable Approachable and not cachet conscious; prefers face-to-face communication; attainable and keeps in touch Encouraging change Encourages analytic of acceptable approaches to the job; encourages new approaches/solutions to problems; encourages strategic thinking PERSONAL QUALITIES Being cellophane Honest and constant in behavior; added anxious with the acceptable of the alignment than claimed ambition Acting with candor Open to criticism and disagreement; consults and involves others in decision making; commendations ethics as basic to the organization Being absolute Absolute back required; able to booty difficult decisions, and risks when appropriate Inspiring others Charismatic; aberrant communicator, inspires others to join him/her Resolving complex problems Capacity to accord with an advanced ambit of circuitous issues; artistic in problem solving LEADING THE ORGANIZATION Networking and achieving Inspiring advice of the eyes of the organization/service to a wide arrangement of centralized and alien stakeholders; assets the confidence and abutment of assorted groups through acuteness to needs, and by accomplishing alignment goals Focusing aggregation accomplishment Clarifies objectives and boundaries; aggregation aggressive to botheration solving and accommodation making, and to anecdotic values Building shared vision Has a bright eyes and cardinal direction, which he engages various internal and alien stakeholders in developing; draws others together in accomplishing the vision Supporting a developmental culture Supportive back mistakes are made; encourages analytical acknowledgment of him/herself and the account provided Facilitating change sensitively Sensitivity to the appulse of change on altered genitalia of the organization; maintains a antithesis amid change and stability The best accessible affection of this archetypal is the amazing complication of the attributes of administration in the UK accessible sector. What emerges is additionally of a actual altered tenor from the US new paradigm models. Typically, the US models abode a cutting accent on allure and vision; that is, on the baton as primarily acting as the role archetypal for his/her followers. One ability speculates that this is the artifact of adopting analysis methodologies, which focus alone on the angle and /or observations of top managers. In contrast, the after-effects which appear in our studies based on allurement the recipients and ultimate arbitrators of administration effectiveness, namely the agents who assignment in the accessible sector, how they perceive administration present a actual altered model. What these agents are acutely advertence is that t he best important role for the baton is what he can do for his/her staff. This is very reminiscent of the archetypal of baton as servant, which is declared in the writings of Robert Greenleaf (1970). However, administration is not alone about affair staffs needs; it is abundant more than that. The UK archetypal suggests that administration is fundamentally about agreeable others as partners in developing and accomplishing the aggregate vision, and, as such, it relates to distributed leadership. The UK abstraction of administration is additionally about creating a fertile, admiring environment for artistic thinking, for arduous assumptions about how accessible casework should be delivered. And it is about acuteness to the needs of a ambit of centralized and alien stakeholders. It is about connectedness and one ability ask, can the alarming challenges of carrying modern public casework be achieved? Another actual absolute affection of the allegation is that what emerges in the UK acce ssible sector significantly reflects aspects of the governments addition agenda, including partnership working, account staff, aiming for best practice, removing the acceptable barriers between agencies alive calm aural the community. What is auspicious is that there would appear to be a aerial amount of accordance amid what those who assignment beyond the accessible sector believe to be administration and the consort administration credo of government. CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF LEADERSHIP The aggregation in the company is able to aggrandize because of their avant-garde and advantageous controlling members, according to the Marvin Wallace, Tamara Watkins and Eartha Simpson. Each being has been with the aggregation for several years. These four individuals set the date for the authoritative ability that exists actuality at Good Sport. Management as far as the leadership of Nikes is amenable for initiating new account and processes. Their added assignment is influencing advisers to acquire the changes that appear with new ideas. Authoritative ability is basically the arrangement of aggregate assumptions, values, and behavior administering the way advisers aural an alignment anticipate about and act on problems and opportunities within a aggregation anatomy with provided, (McShane,S. Von Gllnow, M. 2005). Overall the authoritative ability of Good Sport is an committal culture. The cold in a committal ability is to access a accord apropos the ethics and basal assumptions of the alignment and to aftermath constant actions. This affiliation must bring unity, predictability, and accuracy to assignment experiences. CHOICES TO MAKE: In Nike Corporation, one of the important abilities of acceptable accommodation authoritative is the adeptness to acquisition out or accurately adumbrates the after-effects of assorted choices Every being afflicted by a best is a stake-holder because they accept a pale (an attention) in that choice An acceptable space considers advanced of time how a best will affect others and devises options that abate risks of bad outcomes and access the likelihood of acceptable outcomes There is a huge allegory that cheaters accomplish and alive blessed and safe lives In fact, it has never been added chancy to bluff or lay.

Wuthering Heights Essay -- Literary Analysis, Emily Bronte

When initially diving into a novel, it is common knowledge that there is an already preconceived agreement of trust that the reader instills in the story’s narrator. The reader virtually always relies on the narrator to illustrate the story in an honest unbiased manner, but the story teller in Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights appears to break the chains of trust understood by the audience. The novel is heard through the keen ears of Mr. Lockwood who is being told the history of the Earnshaws, Heathcliff, and the Linton family by his housekeeper, Ellen Dean. Establishing herself as the primary narrator, Nelly reminisces upon her experiences at Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. She fails to give Lockwood and ultimately the reader a precise narration of the affairs that took place in the past. Throughout her vivid flashback, Nelly on numerous occasions lessens the impact of her role and participation in certain events to keep her hands clean from the tragedi es that more or less ruined those among her presence at Wuthering Heights. As Nelly Dean embarks on her tale to Lockwood, she is caught uttering the words, â€Å"I am to follow my story in true gossip fashion† (Bronte 51). By her own confession it can be inferred that her account of what actually took place could quite possibly be exaggerated to tell a more fascinating version of the truth. It is apparent that Nelly creates the identity of herself as only being a key witness instead of the manipulating agent that she truly is. The fact that she has some sort of interaction with all the characters in the novel makes her more than just an onlooker. Furthermore, one critic reiterates that Nelly is too close to the action and is often up to her neck in the world of Wuther... ...ictions of duty; from which, it struck me then, all the misfortunes of my employers sprang. It was not the case, in reality, I am aware; but it was, in my imagination, that dismal night; and I thought Heathcliff himself less guilty than I† (Brontechp27). It is here that Nelly is no longer blinded by her own ignorance. She is one of the last to live but is cursed to tell a tale of wickedness just like the remaining survivor of The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. Nelly Dean’s poor narration to Mr. Lockwood is the housekeeper’s way to justify that she posses no blood on her hands. Her upbringing with the novel’s main characters gives her a poor choice in judgement and makes her extremely biased on how the story is portrayed. Nelly’s actions cause nothing but despair to the Earnshaws and Lintons, pushing the idea that she is the silent villain of Wuthering Heights.

Rights and Freedoms of Aboriginals

The rights and freedoms of Aboriginals have improved drastically since 1945 with many changes to government policy, cultural views and legal rules to bring about a change from oppression to equality. Unfortunately on the other hand, some rights and freedoms have not improved at all or have even worsened. Firstly the change in legal and constitutional rights have been a great creator of rights for the Aboriginal people. Up until 1967 the Aboriginals did not have the right to be counted in the census.This was basically a way of saying that the Aboriginals were not Australians, almost not even people. Fortunately the 1967 referendum gave Aboriginals citizenship. It did however not end any discrimination against the Aboriginal people and merely allowed them to legally join society but not socially join society. Another change to Aboriginal rights and freedoms was the constitutional change also by the 1967 referendum which allowed the federal government to pass laws over the Aboriginal pe ople.This was to change section 51 of the constitution which stated â€Å"The Parliament shall, subject to this Constitution, have power to make laws for the peace, order, and good government of the Commonwealth with respect to: †¦.. The people of any race, other than the aboriginal people in any State, for whom it is deemed necessary to make special laws. † This was great news as it stopped the states making unfair laws on Aboriginals and stopping them from travelling from state to state.On the other side however it was completely disrespectful as it stated the commonwealth must show respect to everyone except the Aboriginals. Another large milestone in the improving rights of the Aboriginals was the fight and subsequent win over land rights. The quest for land rights began in 1963 with the Bark Petition. The bark petition was a petition that was sent from the Yolngu people to the federal parliament that was written on a piece of bark. Unfortunately for the Aboriginals, this petition was rejected and instead the land rights were given to a local mining company.This ruling was justified under the concept of Terra Nullius, saying that the land was not settled. Another challenge to land ownership was the Tent Embassy on the parliament house lawns. This constant public pressure caused the government to express interest in giving land rights to Aboriginals. This was completed with Justice Woodward’s report in 1974 that recommended that Aboriginal reserves are to be returned to Aboriginal ownership, that Aboriginals had claim to vacant land if they could prove ties with the land, that Aboriginal sacred sites were protected.This was great as it gave power to the Aboriginals. It did however also mean that if they had sacred land that was already owned if not even used would not be returned to them. This was passed in 1976 when the Aboriginal Land Rights Act was passed. Later in 1981 the Northern Territory government opposes land rights and attempts to amend the land rights act to stop claims of owned stations and property. The attitudes of the white Australians also had a huge impact on change of rights and freedoms as it pressured the government into giving Aboriginals rights and freedoms.The 1967 was testament to this when a huge 90. 77% of Australians agreed that Aboriginals had the right to be counted in the census. There has never been any real public objections to giving aboriginals rights, merely quiet harbored prejudices in the persons’ mind. On the other side of the case the Aboriginal rights in general have not improved with many Aboriginals being mistreated and discriminated against. The statistics do not speak honestly about public opinion.The rights and freedoms of Aboriginals have been fuelled by an ever increasing wave of Aboriginal activism and increased self-esteem. Aboriginal activism began with the Bark Petition in 1963 and has caused almost all of the government change. The freedom rides of 1964, th e Wave Hill protest in 1966, Even the abolishment of the policy of assimilation was caused by the Aboriginals constant protest and pain of the stolen generation. The most dominant display of Aboriginal activism however was the creation of the Tent Embassy on the lawns of Parliament House.

Free Essays on Dido Vs. Medea

Virgil’s Dido vs. Euripides’ Medea Euripides’ Medea was much more of a vengeful person than Virgil’s Dido. Medea performed some serious acts of revenge because she was so heartbroken, while Dido just didn’t want to live anymore. To begin with Medea killed everyone who stood in the way of her happiness with Jason. She killed everyone who had a part in their separation including her children. Although Dido killed herself, leaving her people with no one to lead them, I don’t think she was revengeful towards Aeneas in any way. She was just so heartbroken that she thought she would not be able to go on living. Medea and Dido are alike in several ways. Both women fall deeply in love with men and are eventually abandoned. They both felt that they were left with nothing, and decided to take some sort of desperate action for retribution. Although the situations were completely different, both women committed some exceptionally irrational acts. Medea’s love, Jason, leaves her for another woman; so she decides to kill everyone except Jason. Dido’s love, Aeneas, leaves her because he has a predestined path set for him by the gods, and she decided to just kill herself. Both women committed dreadful acts because they felt the pain of a broken heart. Both women at first wanted to just die and no longer feel the pain. Although Medea didn’t kill herself, she spoke about it several times. For example in her first speech she mentions it several times. She says; â€Å"It has my broken heart. I am finished. I let go all my life’s joy. My friends, I only want to die†. Sh e also says; â€Å"Then life is enviable. If not, I’d rather die.† Medea speaks several times about just killing herself, but she never actually goes through with it. Although both women have thoughts of killing themselves, Medea definitely had alternate plans for dealing with her broken heart. Medea was a psychotic lover that would do just about anything to... Free Essays on Dido Vs. Medea Free Essays on Dido Vs. Medea Virgil’s Dido vs. Euripides’ Medea Euripides’ Medea was much more of a vengeful person than Virgil’s Dido. Medea performed some serious acts of revenge because she was so heartbroken, while Dido just didn’t want to live anymore. To begin with Medea killed everyone who stood in the way of her happiness with Jason. She killed everyone who had a part in their separation including her children. Although Dido killed herself, leaving her people with no one to lead them, I don’t think she was revengeful towards Aeneas in any way. She was just so heartbroken that she thought she would not be able to go on living. Medea and Dido are alike in several ways. Both women fall deeply in love with men and are eventually abandoned. They both felt that they were left with nothing, and decided to take some sort of desperate action for retribution. Although the situations were completely different, both women committed some exceptionally irrational acts. Medea’s love, Jason, leaves her for another woman; so she decides to kill everyone except Jason. Dido’s love, Aeneas, leaves her because he has a predestined path set for him by the gods, and she decided to just kill herself. Both women committed dreadful acts because they felt the pain of a broken heart. Both women at first wanted to just die and no longer feel the pain. Although Medea didn’t kill herself, she spoke about it several times. For example in her first speech she mentions it several times. She says; â€Å"It has my broken heart. I am finished. I let go all my life’s joy. My friends, I only want to die†. Sh e also says; â€Å"Then life is enviable. If not, I’d rather die.† Medea speaks several times about just killing herself, but she never actually goes through with it. Although both women have thoughts of killing themselves, Medea definitely had alternate plans for dealing with her broken heart. Medea was a psychotic lover that would do just about anything to...

The changing American Family Essay Example

The changing American Family Essay Example The changing American Family Paper The changing American Family Paper The Changing American Family: A Sociological View The families in America are steadily changing. While they remain our most valued and consistent source of strength and comfort, some families are becoming increasingly unstructured. In the past, the typical family consists of a working father, a stay at home mother and, of course, well-rounded children. Today, less than 20 percent of American families fit nicely into this cookie cutter image. American households have never been more diverse. Natalie Angier takes stock of the changing definition of family in an article for the New York Times. A family is seen as a group of people who are biologically or psychologically related. They connect on historical, emotional or economic bonds, and perceive themselves as part of a household. Whilst there are several different types of family by definition, Natalie focuses on the uprising of the atypical form. Natalie portrays five extremely different types of families in order to demonstrate the ongoing changes to average American family. She then continues to express the key role each family type plays and it affects the daily dynamic of each one. Ranging from a dual career family, to a same sex marriage family with children, all the way to fictive kin, Natalie explains the family dynamic and how it comes to be. The dual career family, in which both parents are working in the labor force, is now the typical family type. When both parents belong to the working labor force, one thinks that the responsibility of upbringing the children becomes more evenly distributed. However Natalie states that, American men spend 35 to 55 minutes longer on the Job each day than women do, while working mothers devote ight more hours a week to child care and housekeeping compared with working fathers. Even though women have evolved from the stay at home mom, the cultural norm of the maternal instinct still seems to overbear that of the working mom. On another note, because both parents spend a majority of their day at work and adolescent kids at school, a divide between the family members is created. Natalie states, researchers determined that ev en when all of the family members were at home and awake together, they were in the same room only 14 percent of the time. She continues to say this is due to, American families are outliers in their fixation on childrens needs and childrens success. When both parents are concerned with work they become withdrawn from what is going on in their childrens lives. All family members become independent from one another. Therefore the dual career family consists of both parents working, which creates an independent dynamic for tne cn110ren. Movlng to a OITTerent type 0T Tamlly, Natalle Introduces wnat Is Known as same sex families. In particular, she focuses on a male same sex marriage. If the enders are taken out of the equation, then this family fits perfectly into the nuclear family type, which is a married couple with children. On top of that they are cookie cutter typical because one parent stays with the children while the other goes to work. The only difference is that the children have two dads. In society today gay marriage is not widely accepted, nor is the idea of a same sex family. This is due to the lag in cultural change. The same sex marriage community is a minority that challenges social norms. Because the change is so different, not all Americans have ime to adjust to the idea and integrate. Creating challenges for the same sex community, like the accusation that children have problems adapting to their lifestyle, is a common stereotypical behavior. It has been said that kids of same sex families have a higher risk of drug and alcohol problems, troubles with grades, and behavior problems. Natalie interpolates that the accusations are false. The Age of Independence: Interracial Unions, Same-sex Unions, and the Changing American Family, the children of same-sex parents are academically and emotionally ndistinguishable from those of heterosexual parents. This support can make the biggest change for American families. Support can create a future where same sex families are able to start a life without discrimination and prejudice every step of the way. Therefore the family dynamic of a same sex couple is often the same as a nuclear familys dynamic. Additionally, the family of choice consists of people one feels as obligated to as if one was of blood relation. These self-cons tructed families are no less real or less meaningful than conventional families. In fact, they are known s ones fictive kin. The bond of this type of family can be formed through several ways. Natalie writes, for some people, voluntary kinship filled a void left by death or estrangement from biological family, while for others the relationships were supplemental or temporary. It can be a friendship that turns into a family or a group that one relates to as a family. Either way, the fictive kin family is a blossoming family type. Increasingly, people refer to this as their second family. Some choose it to be their first family when they feel their biological one has let them down. Therefore, a family dynamic of close bonds built through friendship leads to strong interconnection, and this is referred to as fictive kin. In conclusion the image of the American family takes many different forms. The progression of types of family starts with the nuclear family, and has slowly adapted to the changing culture, creating several different types. Varying from a dual career family, to a same sex marriage family, all the way to fictive kin the family dynamic of each type correlate with the individual family itself.

Using attachment theory in assisting parents and infants engaged in Term Paper

Using attachment theory in assisting parents and infants engaged in stressful interactions - Term Paper Example Tony is a healthy nine-month-old male child, the product of an uneventful pregnancy followed by an uncomplicated full-term vaginal delivery. Ellen and Roger, Tony's parents, are both overweight, but have otherwise no significant health issues.They are in their early thirties, and have been involved in a relationship continuously for the past sixteen years. Tony was actively planned and eagerly welcomed by Ellen and Roger, as well as extended family. (*Names have been changed for privacy.) When Tony was six months old, Ellen and Roger decided to train Tony to sleep through the night independently according to the method outlined by Ferber in â€Å"Solve Your Child's Sleep Problems† (Ferber, 2006).This method involves allowing the child to cry himself to sleep; As such, it is frequently referred to colloquially as the â€Å"cry-it-out method† or â€Å"CIO.† In literature, it is called â€Å"graduated extinction† (Dewar, 2008).Ellen and Roger agreed that this was the most appropriate decision for their family based primarily on their desire to ensure both their own sleep and private time to engage in leisure activities, jointly and separately. Both committed to complete the first three weeks of sleep training, and to re-evaluate the program if it was not having the desired effect on Tony. The Ferber Method has received a great deal of criticism from parents and scholars, and while it is one of the best known sleep training regimens it is also one of the most controversial for several reasons (Dewar, 2008). Ferber acknowledges in his book that this process does not teach children how to sleep independently, it merely deprives them of access to their parents as sources of comfort (Ferber, 2006). Ellen and Roger successfully employed Ferber's techniques over a two week period, during which Tony would initially cry himself to sleep. When he awoke during the night a parent would stand near the door of Tony's bedroom, outside of his visual ra nge, and attempt to ascertain his physical state of being. In the event of specific concerns relevant to physical health or comfort, those concerns were addressed quickly by the attendant parent, and without fanfare. There was minimal parent-infant interaction during these addresses. Diaper changes accounted for the overwhelming majority of these concerns. If there was no specific physical concern to address, Tony was allowed to continue crying in his crib. Though Tony's cries were extremely distressing for both Ellen and Roger to endure, the two of them persisted in their efforts to teach Tony to sleep on his own. Over the first two week period of sleep training, Tony began crying less, fell asleep more quickly, and stayed asleep for longer periods of time. By the end of the first two weeks Tony was sleeping from 19:00 local time through 0:800. Caregivers who sleep train their children believe that they are teaching the children to self-soothe and encouraging independent behavior. In reality, infants who are left to cry alone are at high risk for developing ambivalent relationships with their caregivers. Tony internalized the lesson that after the lights have been turned off, his needs will not be met, and as a result his behavior, particularly in the evenings as bedtime approaches, Tony's behavior is that of a child who is ambivalently attached to his primary caregivers. Tony's behavior has become more subdued in general; He spends less time in both active alert and crying phases. Tony hardly seems to notice when he is separated from his parents, but he does actively prefer them to strangers. Ellen, Tony's mother, truly believes that sleep training was an appropriate choice, and defends her decision vociferously. She points to the ease with which Tony sleeps and his cooperation in the evenings as proof that she and her husband made the correct decision. Ellen feels that this process has been beneficial not only to Tony but to her, and that while it was

Movie Review of Requiem for a Dream Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Movie Review of Requiem for a Dream - Essay Example Hence, what really disturbs the viewer is the strong graphic representation of the painful and miserable conditions that addictions can lead human beings to. All the four characters in the movie, i.e. Sara Goldfarb, her son Harry, Harry’s girlfriend Marion and his friend Tyrone, are shown addicted to drugs. Although Sara’s addiction to drugs begins later in the movie, she is shown addicted to the idea of being on a television show. She is so obsessed with the idea of being on TV that her whole life revolves around it. She spends most of her time watching the TV show, and fantasizing about being on that show. Her obsession with the dream becomes so strong that when she gets a call to tell her that she is chosen to be invited on the show, she starts taking pills to reduce weight in order to fit in her favorite red dress, that she plans to wear on show. She gets addicted to the weight loss amphetamine pills and becomes delusional and psychotic. Through the character of Sar a, the movie has sent a message that addictions are not only related to drugs but are also related to media, weight and looks. The movie has also dealt with the idea of how addiction can lead human beings towards psychiatric problem, crime, aggression and sex. For example, Harry thinks that he will get out of bad life of addiction and illegal drug trade once he makes enough money to start a business with Marion. However, when things do not go as planned, he convinces Marion to have sex with her psychiatrist in exchange of money. This brings a rift in their relationship and from this point on, things start going out of control and their dream start falling apart by blows from the ‘reality’. In this way, the movie represents the menace of drug addiction and how it makes the characters desperately enslaved to the addiction. However, the real theme of the movie is the true cause of the addiction, which lies in the lack of bonding and love in the family. Theme The underlying theme of the movie is lack of bonding between parents and children. Sara and her son Harry are shown getting emotionally distant from each other after death of Sara’s husband. Sara protects her son Harry even when she knows that he makes money by selling the TV set that he steals from home. This shows the helplessness of a mother. The fear of losing him and his love keeps her from confronting him. She is forced to find a companion in a TV set. She believes that her involvement in weight reduction to fit in a red dress that she wore on Harry’s graduation, has renewed her interest in otherwise miserable and empty life. Harry is also shown losing his girlfriend Marion, to addiction. The dependence on drugs and the sexual favors for money makes Marion feel miserable and filthy. Tyrone is shown missing his mother and dreaming of making her proud one day. However, his dream never becomes a reality as his involvement in drug trade lands him in prison. Lack of love and family makes Tyrone more addicted and enslaved to drugs. In this way, every character thinks that once they get what they dream, they will leave the drugs. However, they fail to realize that it is the drugs that are driving them to desire the delusional world, and the addiction will never let them get out of the vicious cycle of ‘just one more time,’ which is a common habit of addicts. The picture of despair, misery and helplessness of the characters in the